Indian Stock Markets

Current Issues Indias big(p) commercialises February 14, 2007 Unlocking the ingress to future turn everywhereth Indias expectant food mart go intos down bed sweeping changes since the beginning of the last decade. Its securities industry stem has advanced man India Special incarnate plaque has progressed express than in m whatsoever different emergent commercialise economies. however in contrast to both(prenominal)(prenominal) developed countries and Asiatic economies, Indias upper-case letter grocery stores ar motionless shal clinical depression, implying that further re phase angles ar needed to make India a frontmost pecuniary centre.At nearly 40% of gross home(prenominal) ingathering, the size of it of Indias g everyplacenance each(prenominal)iance portion is comparable to(predicate) to numerous early(a) emerging trade economies. Its corporal connect commercialise, however, keep ons trivial and is dwarfed by those of the united S tates, entropy Korea and Malaysia. India boasts a dynamic fair-mindedness commercializeplace. The sagacious hop on in Indias argumentation markets since 2003 reflects its up(p) macro scotch descentamentals. However, the large size of insider holdings and the pocketable strawman of institutional chargeors belie these impressive figures. Innovative products such as securitised debt and farm animal products based on alternative additions ar starting to break ground.But an enabling environment is not yet in place and on that point remains an oerriding need to attach house servant investors k instanterledge regarding the merits and risk of infections of pileus letter market investing. A vibrant, well-developed cap market has been shown to facilitate coronation and economic appendage. We believe that persistent reforms in the heavens bottomland musical accompaniment Indias already impressive product tr give the sack in the flood tide courses. mo realizeary compound beckons in India course and fastening market capitalisation (end-2005), % of gross domestic product Author Jennifer Asuncion-Mund +49 69 910-31714 jennifer. emailprotected com Editor Maria L.Lanzeni Technical coadjutor Bettina Giesel Deutsche depositing concern Research F investfurt am Main Germany Internet www. dbresearch. com netmail marketing. emailprotected com Fax +49 69 910-31877 Managing Director Norbert Walter mainland mainland China Germany Brazil genus Argentina Mexico Indonesia 40 60 Thailand India UK 50 0 180 Korea lacquer the States shackle market cl 100 200 Malaysia 0 20 80 100 bourgeon market 120 140 one hundred sixty a revolts Fede balancen of World deputises, BIS, IMF, DB Research Current Issues Introduction Indias stock markets Scaling sunrise(prenominal) highs BSE great power 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 inception BloombergImproving macroeconomic storageamentals, a sizeable skilled labour pull in and great integrating with the world rescue break increased Indias globose competitiveness, placing the res normala on the radar screens of investors the world oer. The orbicular ratings agencies Moodys and wood pussy hold awarded India coronation grade ratings, indicating relatively low sovereign risks. These dictatorial dynamics have led to a sustained surge in Indias faithfulness markets since 2003 (see map 1), attracting sizeable capital from overseas investors. lucre cumulative portfolio flows from 2003-2006 ( draw to scorehers and equities) amounted to USD 35 bn.Moreover, Indias stock market has revealperformed world indices in late(a) categorys. And, despite its change magnitude correlation with world markets in recent yrs (see graph 2), India motionlessness cracks diversification in global portfolios. The tie market is dominated by semipolitical science bonds. organisation bond effects, resulting from persistently high fiscal deficits, as well as specific restrictive requirements, have underpinned the supply and subscribe conditions in Indias debt capital markets. approximately 90% of total domestic bonds gravid be giving medication military issues (i. e.exchequer bills, notes and bonds), squeezing give away in incorpo wanderdd and other sellable debt securities (see graph 3). Initiatives to ascent the corpo gait bond market from its dissilient stages have been slow to progress, go onward companies unable to realise their optimum capital structure as a result. And unlike the differential gear instruments that ar easy for equities, those for fixed in put in instruments (e. g. options in enliven rates) in the organised exchanges have failed to take off, limiting the price baring in the vicarious markets. We believe that Indias economic fault is irreversible.Against this prickledrop, great efficiency in monetary intermediation is required to aid investment and growth, simply this lead require str uctural changes in Indias public finances and the dismantling of unwieldy regulations. The paper ensues an analysis of supply (bonds, equities and deriveds) and maper conditions (household and institutional investors) in Indias capital markets. Some stylised facts regarding Indias capital market infrastructure and corporate governance ar firstborn presented, followed by an analysis of its fixed income, uprightness and derivatives markets.Later, the paper discusses the classes of investors in Indias markets and the constraints they face in optimising the risk/ retrovert objectives of their portfolios. Finally, both(prenominal) brief comments regarding the attach amongst economic growth and capital markets reform conclude the paper. 1 pitiable letter market stable offer diversification benefits MSCI India and World Indices (USD) rolling correlation 0. 7 0. 6 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 2 0. 1 0. 0 96 98 00 02 04 06 2 stem Datastream presidential term issuance leads the topi cal anaesthetic bond market national bonds outstanding, % of total* unified bonds 3% Others 4% PSU bonds** 6% State loans 15%I. uppercase markets victimisation supported by steady infrastructure reforms Government bonds 68% 3 Treasury bills 4% *As of March 2006. ** PSU = Public Sector Under takings. come content commonplace alter Indias pecuniary market began its transformation path in the early 1990s. The banking field witnessed sweeping changes, including the elimination of gratify rate controls, reductions in reserve and 1 transp bentity requirements and an overhaul in priority sector lending . Persistent efforts by the Reserve rely of India (run batted in) to put in place 1 Asian reading verify set up (2003). February 14, 2007 2Indias capital markets effective supervision and prudential norms since thus have lifted the country closer to global standards. India embarked upon comprehensive fiscal reforms over a decade ago Around the comparable time, Indias capi tal markets to a fault began to stage extensive changes. The Securities and re-sentencing Board of India (SEBI) was schematic in 1992 with a mandate to protect investors and usher improvements into the microstructure of capital markets, while the repeal of the curbler of Capital Issues (CCI) in the same year withdraw the administrative controls over the pricing of novel equity issues.Indias monetary markets likewise began to embrace technology. Competition in the markets increased with the formation of the issue acquit permute (NSE) in 1994, leading to a significant rise in the volume of transactions and to the emergence of new important instruments in monetary intermediation. A. Innovations have strengthened market infrastructure heralding improvements in its market infrastructure Market infrastructure has strengthened markedly heralded by steady reforms.The brass bond and equity markets have passd to 2 T+1 and T+2 rolling dependency cycles in recent years , which significantly compressed the transfer of cash and securities to the relevant counterparties, thereby reducing settlement risks. The seamless move toward shorter settlement periods has been enabled by a compute of innovations. The introduction of electronic transfer of securities brought down settlement costs markedly and ushered in greater transpargonncy, while dematerialisation instituted a paper-free securities market. Together, these mechanisms eliminated forgery of share certificates.Straight-through and through processing automated the complete workflow (i. e. front, middle and back office and general ledger) involved in the financial transaction, thus doing away with multiple data re-entry and avoiding delays and errors. On the initiative of the Reserve depository financial institution of India and the cooperation of human beings and secluded institutions, the Clearing Corporation of India Limited (CCIL) was established in 2001 to facilitate the elucidation of trades and transactions in the conflicting exchange and fixed income markets, catalysed by the extensive use of schooling technology.Stronger legal framework needed* Government effectiveness regulatory quality B. Good corporate governance, only if boilersuit legal framework needs improving Continuing efforts by the SEBI to supercharge the corporate governance framework have positioned India at an above-average aim against other emerging market economies, according to the impart of world-wide Finance (IIF), the global association of financial 3 institutions . Since March 2006, listed companies have been required to enclose quarterly compliance reports to the SEBI, facilitating the valuation of companies and growing it in line with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.Notwithstanding, enforcement remains a challenge delinquent to a still check keep down of adequately trained staff to implement the rules. Nor are companies subject to warm fines or legal sanctions, which slash their incentives to comply. In turn, this reflects the ongoing gaps in Indias legal system, and somewhat undermines the steps to promote Indias capital markets further. Although India does have a functional legal system, the countrys law enforcement still lags behind the to a greater achievement advanced economies of Hong Kong and Singapore according to the World curse (see graph 4).This implies that efforts to raise corporate governance need to be plyed to(p) by a stronger 2 3 Rule of law Control of corruption 0 HKG 2 IND 4 SGP 6 * The 4 governance indicators are measured in units ranging from -2. 5 to 2. 5, with high care fors fit to reform governance outcomes. Data have been rescaled to 0-5. computer address World lodge Governance Index 2005 4 issue Stock convince particular Book (2006). Institute of supranational Finance (2006). 3 February 14, 2007 Current Issues hidden corporate bonds outweighed by PSU bondsDistribution of issuance*, % 100 80 60 40 20 0 2004 2005 2006 Private corpo rate bonds PSU bonds *As of end-March of the year. stock case Stock Exchange legal framework to bring greater stability in its capital markets and foster investor authority. II. A sizeable but by and large skewed capital market For over a century, Indias capital markets, which consist primarily of debt and equity markets, have increasingly vie a significant persona in mobilising bullion to meet fashionable and orphic entities financing requirements.The advent of exchange-traded derivative instruments in 2000, such as options and futures, has enabled investors to better hedge their positions and reduce risks. 5 In total, Indias debt and equity markets were equivalent to 130% of gross domestic product at the end of 2005. This is an impressive stride, coming from unspoiled 75% in 1995, suggesting issuers growing confidence in marketbased financing. However, the size of the countrys capital markets relative to the United States, Malaysias and entropy Koreas remains low, imply ing a strong catch-up process for India. A childlike range of instruments for investorsMarket segment Issuer Government Securities Central Government Instruments postcode Coupon Bonds, Coupon Bearing Bonds, Treasury Bills, STRIPS Coupon Bearing Bonds Govt. Guaranteed Bonds, Debentures A. Debt markets molded by the domain sector Indias debt markets are divided into two segments. The organisation bond segment is the larger and more(prenominal) active agent of the two, with issuers comp uprise the profound regimen accounting for 90% of the total and order disposals. The Reserve verify of India (RBI) has maintained its role as the political relations debt manager and regulator of government-issued papers.The corporate bond market represents the other segment, with Public Sector Undertakings (PSU), corporates, financial institutions and banks being the primary players. PSU bonds by utmost outweigh the size of private corporate bonds (see graph 5), reflecting a number of factors, foremost of which are the lists of restrictive requirements for private issues. Regulatory oversight of the segment falls under the persuasion of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Each issuer has a range of instruments available in the market (see graph 6).Since institutional investors, especially banks, have remained the primary participants in fixed income securities, Indias bond markets have predominantly been wholesale. Government bond issuances rule the roost State Governments Public Sector Bonds Government Agencies/ statutory Bodies Public Sector Units Private Sector Bonds Corporates PSU Bonds, Debentures, commercial message Paper Debentures, Bonds, Commercial Paper, Floating Rate Bonds, Zero Coupon Bonds, Inter-Corporate Deposits Certificates of Deposits, Debentures, Bonds Banks financial Certificates of Institutions Deposits, Bonds microbe Bombay Stock ExchangeThe government bond segment is the oldest and largest component of the debt market . Its size has interpreted off exponentially over the away decades, with the total stock of debt outstanding at or so USD 280 4 bn as of June 2006 , increasing three and a fractional times since 1995. This translates to roughly 35% of gross domestic product, in line with several large Asian economies and is not significantly bring low than that of the United States (see chart 7). With growing demand from institutional investors such as indemnification companies and subvention silver, bonds with maturity extending to 30 years are promptly available, the longest in non- lacquer Asia (see chart 8). 4 Indias fiscal year runs from April of the current year through March of the following year. Data are based on the BIS (2006). February 14, 2007 4 Indias capital markets A sizeable government bond market % of GDP 50 2001 2005 40 30 20 10 0 Local tenors stretching out Government bond yield curves, % 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 3M 6M 1Y 2Y 3Y 5Y 10Y 15Y 20Y 30Y India Malaysia Thailand Indonesia Philippines japan South Korea Source Bloomberg Malaysia South Korea Thailand India China USA 8 Source BIS 7 High fiscal deficits have encouraged large worldly concern borrowings Total universal deficit, % of GDP 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2000 2002 2004 2006EThe contours of the government bond market began taking shape around 1992 as a result of the governments broad-based attempts to 5 reform the financial sector. Advances in the segment benefited from a master of ceremonies of reforms, such as the move toward an auction-based sale of government securities, appointment of chief(a) Dealers, acting as market makers, and the implementation of delivery-versus-payment (DVP), mitigating the risks associated with craft and settlement. In 1997, the establishment of the Ways and Means citizens committee was a landmark fifty-fiftyt as it virtually ended the automatic monetisation of government deficits.In the same year, impertinent institutions were permitted to invest in government-issued secu rities, thus broadening the institutional investor base. Zero-coupon bonds and index bonds represent novel products in the marketplace, but have so far received only tepid response from participants. Why have government bonds dominated? Sources Reserve Bank of India, DB Research 9 Indias public debt high against its peers Average of total public debt, % GDP, 2001-2005 100 80 60 40 20 0 BBB median BB median India Public sector fiscal dynamics and government regulations largely dictate the current state of affairs.That the size of the government bond market is large is not surprise due to persistently high fiscal 6 deficits and the resulting high public sector borrowing (see chart 9). Although the total public deficit has been declining since 2003, government debt has remained high, averaging 85% of GDP over the past 5 years. This places Indias public debt substantially higher than similarly rated countries (see chart 10). Banking regulations compound the problems. Banks are mandate d to invest 25% of their net demand and time liabilities (i. e. eposits) in government bonds or other approved government securities, the socalled statutory liquidity reserve (SLR). The SLR has stayed at this level since it was reduced in 1991 from 38%. But in position of the (perceived) risk-free nature of these additions requiring less provisioning in their books banks tend to hold an even so greater percentage of government bonds in their portfolios than prescribed by 7 the SLR . Large holdings of government bonds expose banks to 8 lodge in rate unpredictability (thus affecting banks income) and could impact 5Source Standard and Poors 10 6 7 8 The Development of Bond market in India in http//www. iimcal. ac. in/community/FinClub/dhan/dhan1/art15-bond. pdf Rawkins, Paul (2006). The IMF put the figure at roughly 41% in 2005, well in excess of the 25% SLR (IMF member IV report, 2005). In 2004, the Reserve Bank of India allowed for a one-off reclassification of government secu rities to held-to-maturity from trading or available-for-sale securities in order to mitigate the losses from rising pursual rates. 5 February 14, 2007 Current IssuesCredit growth is surging % yoy 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 their capital adequacy in an environment of overhastyly increasing involvement rates. This alone calls for greater diversification of income sources (such as fee-based income) aligned with more prudent conviction risk assessment. Despite the super charge growth in bank ascribe over the past two years (see chart 11), Indias credit-to-GDP ratio remains low in contrast to other countries in Asia, implying still low penetration of bank intermediation in the country (see chart 12).Similar restrictive regulations to the SLR exist for the indemnification sector and the indemnity fund system, thereby preventing a large portion of their capital from being channelled to other higher-yielding investment assets, which would enhance the risk/retu rn profile of their portfolios. Insurance companies (carrying out the traffic concern of general insurance) are mandated by the Insurance Regulatory and Development pledge (IRDA), the regulatory body for the insurance industry, to invest at to the lowest degree 25% of their total assets in government securities and 9 state government securities . subsidy funds face slightly higher requirements, although in both(prenominal) cases, investment in government paper whitethorn well be above the statutory level to preserve the safety of their assets. Corporate bond market A huge potential awaits In contrast to the government bond market, the size of the corporate bond market (i. e. corporate issuers prescribed financial institutions) remains 10 very shallow (see chart 13), amounting to precisely USD 16. 8 bn , or less than 2% of GDP at the end of June 2006. A well-developed corporate bond market would give companies greater flexibleness to define their optimum capital structure.By t he same token, investors would benefit from having a wider range of asset classes to diversify their fixed income investments. Within Indias corporate bond market, state-owned Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) have persistently outstripped private corporate issuances. PSUs and private companies can raise debt capital either by private placement or public issue, with the former being the preferred system by far. The growth of private placement of debt has shown a marked increase over the past decade, rising over four-fold in fiscal year 2004/2005 to roughly USD 12. 6 bn from USD 3 bn in fiscal year 1995/1996 (see chart 14).The preference for the private placement route grind a slipway from less onerous regulatory requirements, such as the type of disclosures and registration requisites, than those 11 for public issues . Also, the considerably higher costs associated with public issuance have deterred corporates from accessing funds through this route, in addition to the fact that p rivate debt placements can be customised in accordance with individual issuers needs. Corporates are not mandated to obtain and disclose credit ratings from an approved credit rating agency, although companies themselves have increasingly sought to do so in recent years.In fiscal year 2004/2005, 93% of companies that brocaded bonds through 12 private placements obtained credit ratings . in that location is a preference to raise funds with maturities between three to five years, which suggests that companies remain cautious of borrowing over the medium-term segment, and too reflects investors still peculiar(a) demand for longer tenors. Trading, clearing and settlement practices in the corporate bond market are less developed than in the government bond segment. 9 10 11 12 Source Reserve Bank of India 11 but financial intermediation remains low Bank credit, % of GDP 2002 2003 2004 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 China acclivitous Asia Western Europe India Source IMF 12 Corporate bon d market has yet to develop % of GDP 2001 2005 1. 6 0. 7 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Malaysia South Korea Thailand India China USA Source BIS 13 The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (2001). Bank for International Settlements (September 2006). field Stock Exchange (2005) subject area Stock Exchange (2005). February 14, 2007 6 Indias capital marketsPrivate placement towers over public issuance Bond market, USD bn 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 Deals are usually conducted over the counter and are struck between counterparties. In cases wherein brokers intermediate (often by telephone), they are required to report the transaction to the exchange, which facilitates post-trade information. Corporate debt can also be traded via an electronic order book system, but this has largely been less-traveled in the absence of general sell interest in 13 such securities .Moreover, the more advanced clearing and settlement infrastructure for government bonds allow re po transactions for this segment, a facility that is not accessible for corporate bonds. The large size of the government bond segment in relation with its corporate equivalent explains its large trading activity in the vicarious market, accounting for over 70% of swage (see chart 15). By contrast, dollar volume in the corporate segment amounts to just 3. 6%, largely because of the limited supply owing to the preference for private placements mentioned above. In addition, large domestic institutional investors, such s pension funds and the insurance sector, are still restricted from allocating large portions of their investible funds in the corporate bond segment. Not only does this constrain the segments development, but it also limits investors ability to enhance their returns by diversifying their fixed income instruments investments. Nonetheless, the potential for the segment to piece up is promising, judging by large corporate debt being brocaded in the external capital ma rkets. And the propensities to borrow are judge to grow further, arising from companies reassessment of their capitalisation. to the highest degree 50% of their financing comes from reinvested capital, while the rest arise from outside sources either by raising equity or from bank 14 and other financial institution borrowings. Shareholders calls for higher dividend payment and the spare-time activity to bring corporate cost of capital to optimum levels will support a rise in capital market financing in the future. At the same time, the pension fund system is moving toward delimit contribution mechanism which should deliver impetus to the demand for corporate bonds. Corporates acquire borrowing opportunities abroad Public issuesPrivate placements 14 Source National Stock Exchange Government bonds remains most actively traded Turnover, % (March 2006) 3. 6 1. 6 22. 1 72. 7 Govt sec Corp bonds T-bills Others Source National Stock Exchange 15 Indian corporates have gone on a borrow ing spree abroad Corp. debt outstanding, USD bn* 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2001 2002 2003 India 2004 2005 Malaysia China A more aggressive rationalize in overseas borrowing by Indian corporates has recently developed (see chart 16), fuelled by fewer listing requirements, lower cost of funding and better liquidity in the secondary markets.The trend also stands in contrast to the sovereigns absence in the international capital markets, reflecting the governments conservative approach to external debt attention as a result of the current account crisis in 1991/1992. At the end of 2005, the total amount of bonds outstanding raised by 15 corporates abroad amounted to USD 6. 7 bn , over two and a half times its size in 2001. This represents 60% of the value of corporate issuance in local markets. To put this in perspective, if this amount of issuance had been make in the domestic capital markets, the size of Indias corporate debt market would be 2. % of GDP instead of just 1. 5% of GDP. Indian co mpanies continue to exert their presence in the international bond markets in 2006, outpacing their Asian counterparts (see chart 17). This strong appetite coincided with the still comparatively lower international interest rates (e. g. Ranbaxys USD 400 m 5-year convertible bond issue fetched 5% versus 7. 5% for a 13 14 15 *As of December of each year. Source BIS 16 Bank for International Settlements (2005). Handbook of Statistics (2006), Securities and Exchange Board of India. Excluding financial institutions. 7 February 14, 2007 Current Issues 6 and theres no retreat in 2006 USD bn 3 2 1 0 -1 Q3/05 China Q4/05 Q1/06 India Q2/06 Malaysia Source BIS similar tenor in the domestic market) . It also coincided with the better valuation by foreign investors of Indian companies, indicative of their improving global competitiveness. Structured finance offers immense potential Securitisation is an attractive growth segment in Indias debt markets. The market is still in its nascent stages, where current activities primarily occur between banks, non-bank financial institutions and asset reconstructive memory companies through private placements.Paving the way for a secondary market is the implementation of the proposed changes to the Securities Contracts Regulation Act, which would 17 reclassify securitised debt as true marketable securities . Nevertheless, securitisation has developed healthyly in recent years. Asset-backed securities (ABS) are the predominant asset class in Indias securitised segment. This should not come as a surprise given the large component of retail loans in banks and non-bank financial institutions balance sheets. The ABS market has risen exponentially since 2002, in tune with the sharp pick up in credit growth since then (see chart 18).In 2005, Indias ABS market volume was roughly USD 5 bn, do it the fourth-largest in Asia-Pacific (see chart 19). Mortgage-backed securities (MBS) volumes are just a small fraction of the ABS market. Growth so far has been s leave out, explained by the absence of a secondary market and the prepayment and interest rate 18 risks arising from prepayment/repricing of the profound loans . But the growth of commercial bank credit for housing, averaging approximately 90% since 2002, suggests that mortgage-backed securities is a segment that will take off, so long as market infrastructure and regulatory provisions are firmly grounded.Other securitised assets backed by corporate loans, receivables and toll revenues have sprung recently, indicating the promising potential of the segment. As the government embarks upon modernising its infrastructure, the need to develop the structured finance segment will travel crucial. Collateralised mortgage backed securities (CMBS), collateralised loan obligations (CLO) and collateralised debt obligations (CDO), which are actively traded in the United States, are innovations awaiting the Indian market in line with a maturing economy.Permitting foreign investor s in the market will play a significant role in pricing and transparency. But for now, incomplete legislative and market norms may not allow the country to across-the-boardy exploit the potential of securitisation activities. 17 Securitisation is picking up USD bn Volumes in ABS Volumes in MBS 5. 0 6 5 4 3 1. 8 0. 8 0. 3 0. 0 0. 3 2003 0. 7 0. 7 2 1 0 2002 2004 2005 Source BIS 18 with Indias ABS issuance a decent fourth place in Asia USD bn Korea Japan India Australia 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Source BIS B. Vibrant equity marketsThe development of Indias equity capital markets has taken a more progressive trajectory than the bond market, largely reflecting the governments laissez faire approach in the segment. At 90% of 19 GDP , its size is comparable to that of other emerging countries, although is still small relative to many developed markets (see chart 20). 19 16 17 18 19 Hindu Business Line (2006). Kothari, Vinod (2006) and Bank for International Set tlements (2005). Bank for International Settlements (2005). Based on the capitalisation of the Bombay Stock Exchange as of December 2006. February 14, 2007 8 Indias capital marketsIndias equity market comparable to other emerging markets Local market capitalisation, % of GDP (2005) 200 150 100 50 0 Mexico Malaysia Brazil India Thailand Korea EU Indonesia Japan China USA Source IMF 20 Indian equity markets have been vaporizable Standard deviation of rolling two-year weekly returns, index in USD 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 96 98 00 02 04 06 21 MSCI India MSCI World Source Datastream Of Indias 23 stock exchanges, equity trading is most active in the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). Since the NSEs inception in 1994, it has caught up with the BSE in terms of capitalisation but exceeded it in turnover.The BSE boasts of over 4,000 listed companies, surpassing stock exchanges in the US. This explains its slightly higher market capitalisation over the NSE, although its l ower turnover implies that inefficiencies remain due to the high proportion of untraded companies. Its share of total equity turnover is just 33% compared to 66% of its rival, the NSE. The increase in the limit for foreign send investment in the stock exchanges to 49% announced early this year is evaluate to lend more dynamism to the equity capital markets. The investment limit for a single investor was set at 5%.It did not take long after the new limit was announced that the impertinently York Stock Exchange (NYSE), Goldman Sachs, General Atlantic and Softbank Asian Infrastructure gunstock all acquired a 5% stake in the National Stock Exchange (NSE). Increased foreign presence is pass judgment to help the NSE to border forward to the global markets, generate a wider customer and investor base and offer more innovative products. The Bombay Stock Exchange is also courting strategic investors. If it succeeds, this should help speed up the process of consolidating the thousands o f inactive listed companies n the board. Moreover, the move will enhance its competitive strength against the NSE, which has diminished over the past decade. Higher volatility, improving performance Benchmarking the risk/return characteristics of Indias equity markets against the world average shows that Indias stock market has 20 historically been more volatile (see chart 21), while its returns have, until recently, underperformed. This should not come as a surprise as the past decade witnessed several political and economic uncertainties, undermining business and investor confidence. moreover from 2006 has Indias stock market begun to transcend the worlds index as momentum to liberalise the economy gathered pace and investors began to take notice (see chart 22). Reflecting the recent sharp run-up in equity prices, Indias stock markets today rank among the most expensive in the world (see chart 23), raising concerns over a correction, especially if earnings disappoint. However, su stained economic growth unite with continued market-friendly capital market reforms should prove to be supportive factors for superb returns in the medium run. Indian equities returns catching upMSCI total return index, 1994=100 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 MSCI India MSCI World Source Datastream 22 20 Since the world index is a composite of indices and therefore, by nature, more diversified, it is expected to exhibit less volatility than the country index. 9 February 14, 2007 Current Issues are Indias equity prices stretched? Price/earnings ratio, times 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 96 98 00 02 04 06 In terms of sectoral composition in benchmark indices, Indias stock market is broad-based, putting it roughly in line with the world index (see chart 24).The higher weight of the IT sector today reflects the countrys increasing turn toward a knowledge-based economy. But this may change, with consumer discretionary and consumer staples projected to get a larger share of the pie in tandem with rising incomes and as household preferences become more discerning. The shares of financials and healthcare sectors are also expected to increase markedly as industry consolidation picks up and the door to foreign strike investment is widened.Foreign investors seize local market opportunities Reflecting Indias improving macroeconomic fundamentals, increasing corporate profitability and competitiveness, and greater integration with the world economy, foreign institutional investors (FIIs) participation grew steadily over the past 3 years (see chart 25). True, FII invest in local bonds and equity, but their interest has largely been on the latter. The inflow of portfolio capital continues to demonstrate new highs and in recent years has outpaced the inflow of foreign pose investment (FDI).Indias accounting standards, although still not in skilful convergence with international practices, combined with the quarterly reporting frequency mandated by the SEBI on listed companies, offer guidance in corporate valuation. Greater inflows are still to be expected, arising from international investors quest for higher returns and improved portfolio diversification, reinforce by ongoing structural changes in Indias economy and its financial markets. Sustained inflow of capital will not only bring greater liquidity in the market, but foreign presence will encourage further market transparency.Overseas listing inching up Domestic companies, both large- and small-cap, have been allowed to list abroad by way of American Depository Receipts and Global Depository Receipts (ADR, GDR) since 1992. Owing to global and local market conditions (e. g. global liquidity, stock market crashes, economic and financial crises), the amount raised through the ADR route since its inception has been quite volatile. Only in recent years have issuances picked up steadily, with the amount raised in fiscal year 2005/2006 exceeding USD 2. 5 bn, a level not seen in over 10 21 year s (see chart 26).As one of the measures to allow greater capital account convertibility, the RBI has allowed two-way fungibility for Indian ADRs/GDRs. This allows holders of the instruments to cancel them with the depository and sell the underlying shares in the market. The company can then issue ADRs anew to the extent of the shares converted into local shares. This was not the case in the last decade, which limited companies ability to access capital abroad. Further room for improvement heroic though the developments may be, Indias stock markets still have some room for improvement.For one, the shareholder pattern needs to be broadened, as ownership is concentrated in the 22 promoters and company insiders show an increasing presence. This implies that minority shareholders interest is minimal, which needs to be increased for the sake of an improved corporate governance. 21 MSCI India, USD MSCI World, USD MSCI India average for the period Source Datastream 23 Indias equity marke t composition is broad-based % 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% MSCI India MSCI World Utilities Telecommunication services Materials IT Industrials Healthcare fiscals Energy Consumer staples Consumer discretionary Source Datastream 4 Foreign investors flock to Indias capital markets 15 10 5 0 01 02 03 04 05 06E 1200 800 400 0 Foreign direct investment, USD bn (left) Portfolio investment, USD bn (left) Net new number of FIIs (right) Sources Reserve Bank of India, Deutsche Bank Research 25 22 Four of the top 25 ADR listings as of December 2005 are Infosys engineering (USD 884 m), ICICI Bank Ltd (USD 466 m), Satyam Computer Services Ltd (USD 323 m) and HDFC Bank Ltd (USD 300 m). Data are from Citigroup Corporation (http//wwss. citissb. com/adr/www/adr_info/YE2005_DR. pdf). Promoters include family members, relatives and close associates.February 14, 2007 10 Indias capital markets ADR issuance makes a strong comeback USD bn 3. 0 2. 5 2. 0 1. 5 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Th e presence of institutional investors in the equity market is also low, resulting from the restrictive investment guidelines set by the government for the insurance industry, banks and pension funds. Of note, while only 18% of the listed companies in the NSE are owned by retail investors, they account for an estimated 85% of the trading 23 volume, according to a recent paper by McKinsey .This suggests that retail investors tend to speculate in the stock market rather than follow a strategy of pursuing long-term benefits. A resumption in privatisation is also key to further developing Indias equity markets. Since FY 2003/2004, privatisation activities have dwindled, operate in part by the lack of political consensus to keep it on track (see chart 27). The sluggish process prevents publicly owned companies from accessing more efficient sources of funding. It also interferes with their movement toward market-disciplined processes and better corporate governance. Source Securities and Exchange Board India 26C. Financial derivatives march forrad While some form of financial derivatives trading in India dates back to the 1870s, exchange traded derivative instruments started only in 2000. Then, stock index futures, with the Sensex 30 and the S CNX not bad(predicate) indices as the underlying, began trading at the BSE and NSE. Since their inception, the basket of instruments has expanded and now features individual stock futures, and options for stock index and individual stocks. Among the four asset classes, single-stock futures have the lions share, accounting for nearly 60% of the turnover in the NSEs derivatives segment (see chart 28).In its relatively short life span, single-stock futures are outperforming those in other global derivatives market (see chart 29). The security largely owes its success to the timing of its introduction it came into stream concisely after badla, a futures-like practice which permitted traders to carry forward sizeable net positio ns until the next settlement period, was 24 banned. The key difference with badla is that a clearing corporation owned by the NSE guarantees the futures transaction, thereby reducing settlement risks. The derivative instruments traded in the exchanges reflect many of the features of the underlying instruments.First, as with the wholesale debt and equities segments, the NSE has steadily outpaced the BSE in terms of trading in the derivatives segment over the years. The NSE thus reflects the markets overall activity and sentiment. 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Index futures Index options Stock futures Stock options No clear signs of commitment to privatisation INR bn 20 Privatisation proceeds Average, 1991-2005 15 10 5 0 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 Sources Department of Disinvestment, Ministry of Finance 27 Stock futures most popular derivatives segmentExchange-traded derivatives, % total turnover Second, equity derivatives have developed more rapidly than their fixed i ncome counterparts. Exchange-traded derivatives for interest rates failed to take off when introduced by the NSE in 2003, largely 25 reflecting a flawed contract design. care rate derivatives are primarily traded over-the-counter (over-the-counter), and although any domestic silver or debt market rate may be used as a benchmark rate, the Mumbai Interbank Offered Rate (MIBOR) and Mumbai Interbank Forward Offered Rate (MIFOR) are those that are widely used.Interest rate swaps and forward rate agreements are instruments available for managing interest rate risks, although the former is by far the preferred choice. The overnight interest swap (OIS) is estimated to trade between USD 500 million and USD 1 billion per 26 day. A survey by FitchRatings of Indias derivatives market in 2004 23 24 25 26 Source National Stock Exchange 28 Farrell, Diana et al. (2006). Gorham, Michael et al. (2005). FitchRatings (2004). FitchRatings (interview). 11 February 14, 2007 Current Issues Single-stock futures India is world attracterWorld ranking in terms of volumes traded 2005 National Stock Exchange Johannesburg Stock Exchange BME Spanish Exchanges Euronext Liffe Borsa Italiana OMX Athens Stock Exchange capital of Hungary Stock Exchange Australian Stock Exchange Warsaw Stock Exchange 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2004 1 4 3 2 6 5 7 8 9 10 estimated that trading volumes at the end of the year amounted to roughly INR 30 bn, a three-fold increase from January 2004. This is expected to have picked up even further since then, spurred by sustained uncertainty over the interest rate outlook, leading market participants to hedge their depictions.Tenors up to 5 years are the most liquid in the OIS market despite the fact that the yield curve stretches out to 30 years. Fitch attributed this to the absence of counterparty lines for longer maturities and partly by the lack of risk management tools for interest rate exposures longer than 5 years. There are a number of factors, though, which mitiga te the risks in OTC derivatives for interest rates. One is that the 27 majority of counterparties have ratings that are investment-grade. Another is that India as accepted International Swaps and Derivatives crosstie (ISDA) documentation originally striking any agreement with counterparties. However, combined with banks and other institutional investors large exposures to government bonds, and the prospects of a deepening bond market in general, the need to develop exchange-traded futures and options for interest rates is evident. This will significantly reduce risks inherent in the OTC markets through centralized settlement, enhanced risk management and multilateral netting. Source World Federation of Exchanges 9 Household sector the largest saver in the economy % of total savings 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Households Public sector Private corporates Source Reserve Bank of India III. Right mix of investors, but participation is still low A vibrant seconda ry market is characterised by the active participation of retail and institutional investors, underpinned by their longterm investment goals, with adjustments made in accordance with their short-term liquidity needs and in response to the business cycle.With a population of over 1 billion, India offers a large pool of potential investors. Indian households are by far the largest saver in the economy, constituting nearly 80% of the economys aggregate saving (see chart 30). Insurance companies, pension funds, coarse funds and foreign institutional investors (FIIs) form Indias institutional investor base. Combined, their assets account for some 25% of GDP (see chart 31). This represents a significant increase compared to the mid-1990s, prior to the opening up of many of the sectors, such as the insurance industry, to competition.But, to put it in perspective, the combined size of the Indian institutional investors sector amounts to less than half of US plebeian fund assets alone. B y and large, Indian investors tend to be conservative in their investment decisions, with a general preference for safe returns and capital preservation. As for large domestic institutional investors such as pension funds and insurance companies, their investment style has largely been the result of regulation. 30 Households are ultraconservative in their investment decisions Composition of household financial savings, % (average, 2000-2005) 9. 17. 2 12. 8 42. 0 12. 5 2. 4 Currency Deposits Shares and debentures Government securities bantam savings Insurance funds Provident and pension funds Sources Securities and Exchange Board of India, Reserve Bank of India A. Indian household investments low risk, low return 3. 9 The lions share of households total financial savings, roughly 50%, is placed in bank deposit accounts (see chart 31). The rest of the pie is 28 spread over small savings accounts , at just over 10%, and a combined 25% in insurance and pension funds.Because of these in stitutions conservative approach to investing, they appeal very power sufficienty to households. 27 31 28 FitchRatings (2004). Small savings accounts are direct claims against the government. February 14, 2007 12 Indias capital markets Over the past 5 years, households had a perfect 5% of their savings invested in the stock market on average. Granted, the general aversion to riskier instruments such as equities is not only a product of the publics preference for safe returns. Indias equity markets have experienced several candals in the past, resulting occasionally in substantial capital losses to many investors. This has essentially discouraged a coarse number of them to return to the stock markets, although in the past two years confidence has gradually regained some ground. How many households are investing in the capital markets? A joint survey by the Securities and Exchange Board of India and National Council for Applied Economics Research (SEBI-NCAER) in March 2003 estimated that only 13 million households out of the total 177 million surveyed have investments in the capital markets.This is equivalent to a mere 7% of total Indian households. The robust economic expansion since the survey and the resulting increase in per capita GDP (see chart 32) may have widened the household investor base, but possibly not becoming to considerably increase market volumes. A key ingredient to reduce households risk aversion is improving their understanding of long-term investment, particularly in the equity market.Regarding bonds, there is a concerted effort among the RBI and SEBI, as well as the BSE and NSE, to raise retail investors knowledge about the mechanics and risk/return tradeoffs of debt securities. However, the thin volumes can be expected to persist so 29 long as the government continues to provide savings proposals , which reduce incentives to invest in fixed-income instruments. Indias GDP per capita steadily rising USD 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 1 00 0 00 01 02 03 04 05E 06F Sources Institute of International Finance, Reserve Bank of India, DB Research 32 B.institutional investors Easing regulations will unlock capital market growth Nearly 25% of households total financial savings are allocated in insurance and pension funds, dominated by the government-owned Life Insurance Company of India (LIC) and the Employee Pension Fund (EPF). The LIC continues to hold a near monopoly of the industry, accounting for nearly 75% of the business, despite the opening up of the industry to private competition in 1999. Similarly, although mutual funds have been permitted to offer pension plans, a majority of the public retirement scheme remains under the control of the EPF.The guaranteed rate of return of 9% they offer is a strong incentive for investors to place their financial savings with the institution. Overall, just roughly 10% of the labour force is enrolled in a pension scheme. The rest of the workers rely on their families for suppor t at old age or on their accumulated savings. soaked asset allocation guidelines constrain returns Portfolio allocation decisions by the insurance and pension fund sector remain deeply correct, requiring each to invest between 25 to 50% of total funds in government bonds or government-approved securities.Just over 85% of the LICs total investments are in public securities most of which are of long-term maturities and about 15% in private securities. apt(p) Indias young labour force, it will take quite a number of years before a induct for redemption occurs, suggests that the LIC may not necessarily be optimising its portfolio returns. Portfolio managers tendency to follow a buy-and-hold strategy precludes efficient duration management and the opti- A small institutional investors sector Assets, % of GDP Insurance companies Pension funds joint funds Foreign institutional investors 0 5 10 15Sources Various domestic associations, IADB, authors estimates 33 29 Small savings schem es sponsored by the government offer guaranteed annual returns of 3. 5% to 9% (Reserve Bank of India). 13 February 14, 2007 Current Issues misation of the portfolios risk/return profile. At the same time, the developing corporate bond markets inhibit fixed income portfolio managers to exploit relative value across different segments. Suboptimal returns are also generated by the limited exposure allowed in the equity markets as a result of stringent regulation. plainly put, there is significant room to improve upon households long-term wealth creation, but this will call for the relaxation of portfolio asset allocation rules prescribed by the government. Greater private participation will encourage competition in the insurance and pension funds, bringing product innovations in the market that better match investor risk/return requirements. Creating more active markets with greater foreign presence Foreign institutional investors (FII) and mutual funds are accorded considerable leeway in their asset allocation decisions in contrast to the insurance and pension fund sectors.Because they can adjust their positions in response to changes in their liquidity needs or the economic environment, they tend to set the life in market sentiment or influence prices despite their comparatively small size. FIIs can invest across a variety of instruments in the local markets but are subject to limits. Current regulations permit all FIIs combined to own no more than 24% of any Indian companys total paid-up capital. Investments over the threshold are subject to the approval of the companys Board of Directors.There are ongoing calls to raise the limit further, which remain in constant fence among the policymakers, due to their concerns about potential destabilising effects of sudden capital withdrawal. In 2004, maximum allowed FII investment in government securities, including Treasury bills, was raised to USD 2 bn from USD 1. 75 bn and in corporate bonds to USD 1. 5 bn from jus t USD 0. 5 bn. hedging foreign currency exposures in the forward market is permitted. Assets under management of mutual funds have soared USD bn 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 09/93 09/04 09/05 09/06Although efforts to welcome FIIs are encouraging, the total amount of investment limits accorded to them is still meagre. Easing FII controls would accelerate the deepening and broadening of the capital markets, but this would require redressing capital account regulations aimed at preserving market stability in case portfolio positions are unwound. Mutual funds are a workable long-term saving vehicle The grace of the mutual fund industry has undergone significant changes since the establishment of the Unit give of India in 1964, which for decades held the monopoly.By the mid 1990s, barriers to entry were gradually dismantled, allowing domestic and foreign private institutions to enter the fray. Assets under management have grown to around USD 65 bn in September 2006 nearly 10% of GDP (see cha rt 34), quadrupling in value since 1993. At its current growth rate, the sectors size will double over the next 10 years. With intense competition came the adoption of measures to improve transparency. Restrictions on investment in debt instruments and money markets were loosened.A number of different schemes 30 are now available in the market , which appeals to investors varying investment objectives and constraints. The listing of openended schemes allowed investors the flexibleness to adjust their fund exposures, while regulations against fund managers use of Source Association of Mutual Funds of India 34 30 These include assured return, balanced, planless rate, fund of funds, gilt, growth, income, liquid and money market funds. February 14, 2007 14 Indias capital markets pipework down very low penetration of mutual funds Households investment by type, %* 39. 2 20. 9 6. 2 44. 7 erivatives have been relaxed, allowing them to hedge their positions. Given the rapid growth of the industry in the past 3 years, can the Indian mutual fund industry be characterised as having come of age? Not when seen in the light of the low share of mutual funds in the household sectors total investment pie (see chart 35). One promising development announced in the calculate in 2006 was the lifting of overseas investment limits by mutual funds to USD 3 bn from USD 2 bn. This will allow domestic fund managers to offer new opportunities in higher-yielding funds, such as those dedicated to emerging markets and alternative investments (e. . commodities), which are currently not available in the local market. Combined with rising per-capita income, improving awareness of capital market investing and pension fund reforms will make mutual fund investing a viable long-term investment vehicle. 27. 5 76. 2 17. 3 5. 5 UTI scheme dogged deposits EPF/PPF Post office Others 8. 5 Mutual fund Fixed Bonds LIC IVP, NSC NCC IV. The road ahead 35 Source Securities and Exchange Board of India Cap ital market slackening is good for GDP growth Real GDP growth per capita, % 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2Indias regulators have been active in seeking ways to develop the countrys financial markets, and a culture of introducing greater risk management is starting to set in. The main challenge ahead is to strengthen the political will to further ease regulations in the capital markets and the limits prescribed to market participants. Indias economy is expected to benefit enormously from the process of gradual capital market liberalisation. Empirical evidence has shown that emerging market economies that have heralded changes in their 31 financial markets experienced higher growth and investment (see chart 36).India is no exception, with per-capita GDP and domestic investment rising post-liberalisation. Economies which pursued deeper financial market reforms, and whose per-capita incomes were roughly similar to Indias prior to their liberalisation periods, not surprisingly experienced even gr eater rewards. Drawing from these countries experiences, Indias growth potential can experience a sustained pick-up if it stays on the path of reforming its capital markets. replete(p) capital account convertibility no longer appears to be a pipe dream, going by the RBIs reconsideration of the Tarapore 32 Committees roadmap to capital account liberalisation .Early in 2006, the conditions for full capital account convertibility have been re-examined against issues such as exchange rate management, prudential safeguards to monetary and financial stability and 33 implications of dollarisation in India . Although full convertibility is still not expected to occur overnight, the momentum towards that goal seems to have accelerated. Jennifer Asuncion-Mund (+49 69 910-31714, jennifer. emailprotected com) Mexico Malaysia India Chile Investment growth per capita, % 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 Mexico Malaysia India Chile Thailand Pre-liberalisation average Post-liberalisation averageOfficial liberalisati on date India, 11/92 Chile, 01/92 Mexico, 05/89 Malaysia, 12/88 Thailand, 09/87 Source Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Thailand 31 32 36 33 Bekaert, Geert et al (2003). A committee headed by S. S. Tarapore submitted its recommendations for full capital account convertibility in 1997, shortly before the Asian financial crisis. In the event, authorities delayed the implementation of the Committees prescriptions, opting for set measures instead. Reserve Bank of India (2006). 15 February 14, 2007 Current Issues Bibliography Bank of International Settlements.BIS every quarter Review (various issues). Basel. Switzerland. Bekaert, Geert, Campbell R. Harvey and Christian T. Lundblad (2003). 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Global Financial Stability root word (various issues). Washington, DC.USA. Lee, Kyungjik and Martin Hohensee (2004). The Indian Bond Market. Deutsche Bank Global Markets. Singapore. Mohan, Rakesh (2006). Monetary Policy and Exchange Rate Frameworks The Indian Experience. Singapore. National Stock Exchange (2005). Indian Securities Review A Revi ew. Mumbai. India. National Stock Exchange. NSE Factbook (various issues). Mumbai. India. Patil, R. H. (2001). Broadbasing and Deepening the Bond Market in India. Wharton University. Pennsylvania. USA. Rawkins, Paul (2006). Indias Public Finances Do They Matter? Deutsche Bank Research. Current Issues.Frankfurt am Main. Germany. Reserve Bank of India. RBI Annual Report (various issues). Mumbai. India. Securities and Exchange Board of India. SEBI Annual Report (various issues). Mumbai. India. Sharma, V. K. and Chandan Sinha (2006). Developing Corporate Bond Markets in Asia The Corporate Debt Market in India. Basel. Switzerland. Shirai, Sayuri (2002). Have Indias Financial Market Reforms Changed Firms Corporate Financing Patterns? Asian Development Bank Institute. Tokyo. Japan. Copyright 2007. Deutsche Bank AG, DB Research, D-60262 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. All rights reserved.When quoting please cite Deutsche Bank Research. The above information does not constitute the provision of investment, legal or tax advice. whatever views explicit reflect the current views of the author, which do not necessarily fit in to the opinions of Deutsche Bank AG or its affiliates. Opinions expressed may change without notice. Opinions expressed may differ from views set out in other documents, including research, create by Deutsche Bank. The above information is provided for informational purposes only and without any obligation, whether contractual or otherwise.No warranty or representation is made as to the correctness, completeness and accuracy of the information given or the assessments made. 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